Droughts and heat waves are the two most important climate related hazards that could negatively affect urban life in the future. Furthermore, downpours caused by excess heating of the surface could threaten urban life by causing urban floods. However, there might be positive effects of climate change to human life in the future as well. The projections indicate that the Mediterranean climate will prevail in more areas of Turkey including Istanbul. Such changes may appear favorable; however the exposure to higher temperatures in the summer may create uncomfortable conditions for the elderly, children, and those with health problems. In the regions where both temperature and rainfall increase, the outbreaks of some diseases (e.g. malaria and sandfly epidemics) may also increase.